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Your Yahoo! account information has changed

2011-07-29T04:56:00.001-07:00

The following mobile number (+62 8-777-134-4105) was added to your Yahoo! account ‎(mu********)‎.

You can now use this mobile number to recover your account in case you ever forget your password. To ensure that your account information remains accurate and secure we notify you whenever this information changes.

This change request was made on July 29, 2011 at 11:56am UTC.

If the changes described above are accurate, no further action is needed. If anything doesn't look right, follow the link below to make changes:
https://edit.yahoo.com/commchannel/manage?ar=2&ea=6EwERUiv3AqWvd3miDKasQZ8ok6mgjazrRmDWEfgX3afzxm959b5nSsBDpYhHznUjoa8BYVTuvbqESl9fuiQhoNE93O2LpL2PmnKtH4bfSlO.eQ_X0EX9cTjdgLQfQdR87ca&intl=us&done=https%3A%2F%2Fedit.yahoo.com%2Fconfig%2Feval_profile

Regards,
Yahoo! Account Services
-------------------------
Please do not reply to this message. Mail sent to this address cannot be answered.

Updates in Your Groups, April 28, 2010

2010-04-28T15:53:00.000-07:00

Updates in Your Groups
Beta

Learn more about the Update Email

My_Love_is_yah00-Yahoo Is My Love

ariatel and gh_hosna added 5 photos to the hani folder

alireza_prog, amir88310, ariatel and 5 others commented on 5 photos in the hani album

Success! You have linked your Yahoo! account

2010-04-01T10:40:00.001-07:00

Hi Muhamad,

You have successfully linked your Yahoo! Account with Plurk.com Integration.

You can manage who sees your activities on Plurk.com Integration. If you did not initiate this link you can revoke the access granted to Plurk.com Integration.

Regards,

Yahoo! Account Services

Copyright © 2010 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright/IP Policy | Terms of Service | Guide to Online Security
To learn more about how we use your information, see our Privacy Policy

Your Domain Is Active

2010-03-04T22:01:00.001-08:00

GET STARTED!

Dear Muhamad,

Congratulations! Your domain name, gamesbuck.com, is active!

---------------------------------------
HOW TO SIGN IN
---------------------------------------

To access your new tools, you'll need to sign in to your account:
1. Visit your Business Control Panel at http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/services
2. Enter your Yahoo! ID and password.
3. Click "Sign In."
Now click the "Domain Control Panel" link under your domain name. From your Domain Control Panel you can create a basic home page, set up email, and more!

---------------------------------------
START USING YOUR NEW DOMAIN!
---------------------------------------

To get you started, we've created a placeholder "Under Construction" page at your web address. You can customize this page with our Starter Web Page Wizard -- just click the "Edit Starter Web Page" link, pick a design, then add your contact information and other business details.

TIP: Want to point your domain to a web site or blog that you've already created? Click the "Forward Your Domain" link, and we'll show you how to associate your domain with your existing site.

---------------------------------------
YOUR CUSTOM EMAIL ADDRESS
---------------------------------------

Did you know that your plan includes an email address that matches your domain, such as janedoe@gamesbuck.com? We'll deliver messages sent to this address directly to your free Yahoo! Mail inbox. To take advantage of this feature, click "Set Up Your Email Address" on your Domain Control Panel.

---------------------------------------
KEEP YOUR INFORMATION PRIVATE
---------------------------------------

You can update your domain settings, including your domain registration information, anytime from your Domain Control Panel. To keep this contact information private, we recommend signing up for Private Domain Registration, an inexpensive way to help reduce spam and other junk mail. Learn more at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains/pdr

---------------------------------------
NEED HELP?
---------------------------------------

Visit our help center at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains, where you'll find more guides, answers, and tips, or contact us anytime at http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/contactus/.

Thanks again for choosing Yahoo! Domains!

Best regards,
The Yahoo! Small Business team

------------------------------------------------------
This is a service email related to your use of Yahoo! Small Business. To learn more about Yahoo!'s use of personal information, including the use of web beacons in HTML-based email, please read our privacy policy.

Web beacons: http://privacy.yahoo.com/privacy/us/beacons/details.html
Privacy policy: http://privacy.yahoo.com

Yahoo! is located at 701 First Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94089.

Order Confirmation

2010-03-04T21:50:00.001-08:00

Please do not reply to this message.

Dear Marwati,

Congratulations! You successfully signed up for Yahoo! Domains. For your records, we've included your order confirmation in this email. Please note that at the end of your term, the payment method you used to purchase your plan will be charged annually. For more information, please review your billing information anytime at http://billing.yahoo.com, or see our online help center at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/billing/.

-------------------------
SIGNING IN
-------------------------

For your security, we require that you enter your Yahoo! ID and password to access your account information. To sign in to your account, visit your Business Control Panel at http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/services. If you have not yet signed in, you'll be prompted to do so here.

-------------------------
ABOUT YOUR DOMAIN NAME
-------------------------

When you signed up for Yahoo! Domains, you chose gamesbuck.com as your domain, or web address. Your customers will use your domain to find your business online.

Please note that your domain is pending. Pending means that your domain is not yet active across the Internet. The pending state occurs for all domain registrations and changes. A new domain takes up to 72 hours to propagate across the Internet, depending on the extension you have chosen. Learn more at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains/domaininfo/domaininfo-09.html.

We'll notify you as soon as your domain becomes active. At that time we will also automatically turn on domain locking to protect your domain from fraudulent or unauthorized domain transfers. You may turn off domain locking any time in your Domain Control Panel. Learn more at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains/locking/.

-------------------------
HAVE QUESTIONS?
-------------------------
When your domain is active with your plan, we'll send you an email containing more information about getting started with your plan. In the meantime, we recommend exploring our online help center at http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains, where you'll find answers to your questions, plus tips, tricks, user guides, and more. If you need further assistance, please contact us anytime at http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/contactus/.

On behalf of our entire team, thanks for choosing Yahoo! Domains.

Sincerely,

The Yahoo! Small Business team

-------------------------
SERVICE ORDERED
-------------------------

Plan purchased: Domains

PLAN DETAIL
Domain name: gamesbuck.com
Purchase date: 3/4/2010
Order number: 152383467
Term: 1 year(s)

Key features
* Bonus starter web page
* Email forwarding to your Yahoo! Mail address
* Full DNS management capabilities

-------------------------
DOMAIN INFORMATION
-------------------------

Your contact information is: PUBLIC

The following registrant and administrator info will be publicly available, as required by the Internet's governing organization, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). To keep your contact information private, you may sign up for Private Domain Registration. Learn more at http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/domains/pdr/pdr-01.html.

Registrant:
Marwati Marhumin
Jl. Fatahillah Rt. 02 RW. 01 Link. Sukasari
Cilegon, Banten 42446
Indonesia

Administrator:
Marwati Marhumin
Jl. Fatahillah Rt. 02 RW. 01 Link. Sukasari
Cilegon, Banten 42446
Indonesia
muhamad.thorik@yahoo.com
phone: +62.87771344105

-------------------------
BILLING SUMMARY
-------------------------

Annual Charges
1. Domains fee: $1.99

Today's total: $1.99

Please see your online billing information for more details:
http://billing.yahoo.com.

1 Offer open only to new Yahoo! Domains customers purchasing a new web domain through Yahoo! Small Business. Offer expires 12/31/2010. Discount applies only to the first year of service. Limit one offer per customer on a single account for customer's own purchase only. Offer may not be combined with other offers or discounts, transferred, exchanged, or redeemed for cash. Other terms and conditions apply; see the Yahoo! Small Business Terms of Service when you sign up.

Web beacons: http://privacy.yahoo.com/privacy/us/beacons/details.html
Privacy policy: http://privacy.yahoo.com

Yahoo! is located at 701 First Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94089.

File - GROUP RULES

2010-02-13T02:46:00.004-08:00

Hello and Welcome to Bangalore_Friendzz Group

Please follow the group rules and each member please remember the rules.

This is a combined group of many different mails per day.
You will receive:mails of (Christian,Hindi,Islamic,and all religions), tags, poetry,pics,information,inspiration,fun and much more.

To be sure each member has a chance for his/her mails to be approved Please follow the group rules:

Members sending poetry, pics and etc. please limit your mails to 2 per day.

Any rude or rubbish post or reply may cause you to be ban from the group.

This is a clean group : Profanity,Nudity and all other
rubbish is strictly prohibited and any uncivilized mails
or attachments are not permitted in this group.
"ms word" / power point / zip / exe files in the mails are
not permitted
Videos are not permitted.
Mails containing links and advertisments are not permitted.

Thanks and have a good time at Bangalore_Friendzz Group

Owned By: Ravi (India),And By: Baba and Debbie (USA)

File - Edit Membership...

2010-02-13T02:46:00.003-08:00

If you are receiving to many mails in your box you can Edit Membership...

Go to the group home page http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Bangalore_Friendzz

At the top of the page you will see Edit Membership click on there
Go to step 2 Message Delivery.

Individual Email:
The option to choose if you want to get each group message and special notice individually and immediately, as it is posted.

Daily Digest:
The option to choose if you want to see all messages but limit the amount of email you receive. We'll compile an email of up to 25 messages and send daily (special notices too!).

Special Notices:
Receive only important email notices from the group moderator (see group homepage for other mails).

Web Only:
Don't get notified of the latest happenings. Read messages only on the web (group homepage).

No matter what option you choose you can still post to the group:

To post: Bangalore_Friendzz@yahoogroups.com

Thanks and we hope that you enjoy Bangalore_Friendzz Group

Yahoo! Groups: Welcome to Bangalore_friendzz. Visit today!

2010-02-13T02:46:00.001-08:00

Hello,

Welcome to the Bangalore_friendzz group at Yahoo! Groups, a
free, easy-to-use email group service. Please
take a moment to review this message.

To learn more about the Bangalore_friendzz group, please visit
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Bangalore_friendzz

To start sending messages to members of this group, simply
send email to
Bangalore_friendzz@yahoogroups.com

If you do not wish to belong to Bangalore_friendzz, you may
unsubscribe by sending an email to
Bangalore_friendzz-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com

To see and modify all of your groups, go to
http://groups.yahoo.com/mygroups

Regards,

Moderator, Bangalore_friendzz

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

File - Free SMS Tricks

2010-02-13T02:40:00.003-08:00

Welcome to world's most famous group

Get Daily FREE SMS, Jokes, Shayari on your Mobile:

For Funny Sexy SMS, Shayari Click here or type on your mobile JOIN SHAKTIMAAN & send to +919870807070 (FREE Services)

For Love, Romantic, Dosti SMS & Shayari Click here or type on your mobile JOIN YahooYahoo & send to +919870807070 (FREE Services)

For Santa Banta & Sardar Jokes Click here or type on your mobile JOIN GuruChela & send to +919870807070 (FREE Services)

For Love Tips & "Ladki Patane ke Tarike" Click here or type on your mobile JOIN eLoveGuru & send to +919870807070 (FREE Services)

Best site for SMS, Jokes, Shayari & Wishes:

www.smsmasti.net
www.smsmasti.50webs.com
www.smsguru.we.bs
www.dilse.we.bs

Ladki Patane ke 151 Tarike on:

www.loveguru.50webs.com

"How To Earn From Internet" on

www.moneyguru.50webs.com

useful Blog:

www.bestmsg.blogspot.com

www.moneymetro.blogpsot.com

this group owner Sonuu from www.smsmasti.net

Yahoo! Groups: Welcome to smsmasti5. Visit today!

2010-02-13T02:40:00.001-08:00

Dear Friend,
Thanks for Joining this Group
Log on http://smsmasti.net for more sexy masti

Ladki Patane Ke Tarike on
http://loveguru.50webs.com

For Latest Shayari, Jokes SMS on ]
http://smsmasti.50webs.com

ok thank you once again

your friend
Vikas...the Best (Love Guru)
www.smsmasti.net

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

File - ÞæÇäíä ÇáãÌãæÚÉ.htm

2010-02-13T02:36:00.004-08:00

الرجاء عدم اعادة ارسال هذه الرساله

شروط وقوانين المجموعة

عزيزي المشترك يجب عليك الالتزام بقوانين المجموعة

* يمنع ارسال اي موضوع يحتوي صور او كلام او افلام غير اخلاقيه وسيتم حذف عضوية العضو الذي يرسل هذه الرسائل

* عدم عرض موضوع يثير الفتنه بين اي مذهب من المذاهب ( شيعه.. سنه ) او اي دين من الاديان السماوية

قال الله تعالى " لكم دينكم ولي دين "

* يمنع منعا باتا وضع اي اعلان سواء كان لقروب او لموقع او ماشابه

* عدم تجريح اي مشترك بالمجموعه والالتزام بالاداب والضوابط الاخلاقية

6- يمكن للمجموعه تنسيق اي مشاركه يتم ارسالها للمجموعة وذلك لجمال المظهر العام

من ثقتكم بدأنا .. ولرضائكم نستمر

ملاحظه: اذا لم تظهر الصور في الايميلات فهذا بسبب وجود الرسائل في

Junk mail

حيث يجب نقل الرسائل الى ملف

Inbox

حتى تظهر الرسائل بشكل صحيح

تـذكـر

الكلام المنشور لا يعبر عن رأي المجموعة

إنما عن رأي صاحب الرسالة

فإذا كان لديك أي تعليق على الرسالة

الرجاء ارساله لصاحب الرسالة وليس للمجموعة

File - Mashakel.htm

2010-02-13T02:36:00.003-08:00

حل مشكلة عدم ظهور الصور لاصحاب

Windows Live

اضغط على كلمة ... داخل الرساله

Mark as Safe

صفحة الحلول لمشاكل المراسلات البريدية

قد يتسائل البعض عن بعض الأخطاء التي قد تصادفه في الرسائل المنشورة من قروب كويت الحب يوميا ولا يجد لها حل

هنا تجد جميع المشاكل التي صادفت الكثير من الأعضاء ووضعنا الحلول في صفحة مستقلة حتى نوفر للجميع المعلومة بأبسط الأشكال

اذا لم تظهر الصور او لم يكن الشرح واضح انسخ الرابط التالي والصقه بالمتصفح

http://www.q8crown.com/loveq8/Mashakel.htm

المشكله الاولى

حل مشكلة ذهاب الرسائل الى الجنك ميل وعدم ظهور الصور

ندخل على الايميل ثم نضغط على اوبشن

(اضغط على الصور للتكبير)

*-*-*-*-*

مشكلة عدم ظهور الصور لمستخدمي وندوز لايف

(يجب عمل الطريقه المبينه في الاعلى اولا لوصلون الرسائل للانبوكس)

المشكله الثانيه

مشكلة توقف الرسائل

ملاحظه / السبب في اخذ عضويه معلقه كل فتره هو الاشتراك بالعديد من القروبات فيجب عليك عزيزي ان تشترك بـ 3 مجموعات كحد اقصى

(الملاحظه خاصه لاصحاب الهوت ميل فقط)

تتوقف الرسائل من الوصول إلى بريدك عندما تترك بريدك لفترات طويلة دون تنظيفه بشكل دوري او عدم فتحه لمدة طويله وينتج عنه الإغلاق المؤقت لبريدك وبدوره ترفض كل الرسائل القادمة إليك ويصبح حالة بريدك

(Bounce)

أي عضوية معلقة

وحين وجود هذه الحالة سيأتيك بريد من الياهو لتفعيل حسابك و هذا مضمونها

ادخل على الرساله واضغط ريبلي

ثم سند

المشكله الثالثه

مشكلة الديلي دايجست

(Daily Digest)

هذه المشكله تجعلك في وضعية لاتسمح لك برؤية الرسائل بشكل صحيح بل حتى انها لن تكون مفهومه لديك

اذا وصلتك الرسائل بهذا الشكل

فـكل ماعليك هو ان ترسل رساله فارغه على العنوان التالي

LoVe_Q8-normal@yahoogroups.com

وستكون نهاية المشكله انشالله

المشكله الرابعه

حل مشكلة اللغه في الياهو

مع تحيات ادارة شبكة كويت الحب

Yahoo! Groups: Welcome to LoVe_Q8. Visit today!

2010-02-13T02:36:00.001-08:00

ÇåáÇ æÓåáÇ Èß Ýí ÞÑæÈ ßæíÊ ÇáÍÈ ÇáÐí íÌãÚ ÌãíÚ ÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÔíÞå æíÖÚåÇ ÊÍÊ íÏíß ( ÇÎÑ ÇáÇÛÇäí .. ÇÌãá ÇáÕæÑ .. ãáÍÞÇÊ æáÞØÇÊ ÇáÈáæÊæË æÇáåÇÊÝ.. ÇÔÚÇÑ.. ÈÑÇãÌ .. åßÑ .. æÇáÚÏíÏ ÇáÚÏíÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÏ)

ááãÔÇÑßå æÇÑÓÇá ÑÓÇáÊß ááÞÑæÈ ÇÑÓáåÇ Çáì ÇáÚäæÇä ÇáÊÇáí
LoVe_Q8@yahoogroups.com

* ÌãííÚ ÇáÑÓÇÆá ÇáãÑÓáå ÊÚÈÑ Úä ÑÇí ÇáßÇÊÈ æáíÓ ÑÇí ÇáãÌãæÚå.

ãáÇÍÙå: ÚäÏ æÕæá åÐå ÇáÑÓÇáå áß íÚäí Çäß ÇáÇä ÚÖæ Ýí ÇáãÌãæÚå æÇäÊ áÓÊ ÈÍÇÌå áÚãá ÑíÈáí áåÐå ÇáÑÓÇáå !!!

ãÚßã ääÌÒ æÈÊæÇÕáßã íÊã ÇáÚØÇÁ ,,,

ÇÏÇÑÉ ÞÑæÈ ßæíÊ ÇáÍÈ
WwW.LoVeQ8.TK

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

Yahoo! Groups: Welcome to My_Love_is_yah00. Visit today!

2010-02-13T02:34:00.001-08:00

Welcome to the My_Love_is_yah00 group at Yahoo! Groups.

You're set to connect with your group, so drop by soon.
Be sure to check out all the simple (and free) ways to
communicate, share, and discover:

* You choose when and how to stay in touch
* Swap photos, files, polls, calendars, links, and more with members
* Quickly scan new postings and browse detailed message archives
* Plus enjoy many more ways to show and tell - 24/7

So get started. Visit My_Love_is_yah00 now.
http://us.rd.yahoo.com/evt=42879/*http://groups.yahoo.com/group/My_Love_is_yah00

Regards,
Moderator
My_Love_is_yah00

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

File - Using Mail Filters.doc

2010-02-13T02:29:00.005-08:00

File : Using Mail Filters.doc
Description : Keep your Inbox clean - Using Mail Filters

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

File - Reactivate bouncing Ids.doc

2010-02-13T02:29:00.003-08:00

File : Reactivate bouncing Ids.doc
Description : REactivate bouncing IDs

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

Yahoo! Groups: Welcome to dilsedesigroup. Visit today!

2010-02-13T02:29:00.001-08:00

Hello,

Welcome to the dilsedesigroup group at Yahoo! Groups, a
free, easy-to-use email group service. Please
take a moment to review this message.

To learn more about the dilsedesigroup group, please visit
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/dilsedesigroup

To start sending messages to members of this group, simply
send email to
dilsedesigroup@yahoogroups.com

If you do not wish to belong to dilsedesigroup, you may
unsubscribe by sending an email to
dilsedesigroup-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com

To see and modify all of your groups, go to
http://groups.yahoo.com/mygroups

Regards,

Moderator, dilsedesigroup

Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/

astaga.com lifestyle on the net | Astaga-com-lifestyle-on-the-net | Asbak Putih Blog's

2010-02-01T09:03:00.000-08:00

astaga.com lifestyle on the net | Astaga-com-lifestyle-on-the-net | Asbak Putih Blog's

Asbak Putih Blog's: Astaga.com lifestyle on the net

2010-01-29T19:30:00.000-08:00

Asbak Putih Blog's: Astaga.com lifestyle on the net

Start English Lesson

2009-07-02T08:29:00.000-07:00

stepbystep-english.blogspot.com offers online English lessons and tests at all levels. Learn English online with interactive tests and exercises. You can choose from these categories:

grammar
vocabulary
reading
crosswords
hangman and more.

Please note that the materials presented here use British English spelling and grammar.

Environment

2008-07-04T19:59:00.000-07:00

Useful English vocabulary, phrases and terms relating to the environment.
Acid rain	Acid rain is rain mixed with sulphuric, nitric and other acids formed by gases released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned (factory smoke, cars, etc.). Acid rain is considered responsible for damaging forests and crops, and is particularly harmful to fish and other aquatic life in rivers and lakes.
Aquifer	An aquifer is an underground layer of rock and sand that stores water and transmits it to wells and springs. This water, called ground water, can be used for drinking or other purposes.
Arid	Land or climate that is extremely dry due to very low rainfall. Agriculture in arid regions is impossible without irrigation.
Asbestos	A fire-resistant mineral once used in insulation and home products that can cause respiratory diseases
Asthma	Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder which is characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and tightness of the chest. Asthma often arises from allergies or can be caused by exposure to polluted environments.
Awareness	Consciousness that a condition or event exists.
Ban	Forbid or prohibit something.
Biodegradable	Capable of being broken down or decomposed by natural biological processes. The term is used to refer to "environmentally friendly" products. Many chemicals, food scraps, cotton, wool, and paper are bio-degradable; plastics and polyester generally are not.
Biotechnology	The application of technology to the study or manipulation of living things in areas such as agricultural production, hybrid plant development, medicine, environmental research, etc.
Carbon footprint	A measure of the effect that human activities have on the climate (measured in units of carbon dioxide).
Carcinogenic Carcinogen	Capable of causing cancer. A substance that may cause cancer in animals or humans.
C0	Carbon monoxide : a colourless, odourless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete burning of organic materials such as oil, coal, and wood.
C02	Carbon dioxide: a colourless, odourless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the air. It is absorbed by plants and exhaled by humans and animals. Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, wood) increases carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
Climate change	Climate change, which is often called global warming, refers to changes in weather patterns including: - a rise in global temperatures - changes in rainfall patterns, which result in flooding and droughts - a rise in sea level. Climate changes can be caused both by natural forces and by human activities.
Compost	A mixture of decaying organic matter, such as leaves, wood and manure. Compost is used in gardening and agriculture to fertilize and enrich the soil.
Conservation	Protecting, maintaining or improving natural resources, to keep them safe from destruction or degradation and conserve them for future generations. Clean rivers and lakes, wilderness areas, wildlife, healthy soil, and clean air are natural resources
Dead zone	Area of water containing low levels of oxygen in which fish, plants and other aquatic life find it difficult to survive.
Deforestation	Destruction of forests to make land for agriculture. Cutting down trees, which provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, is seen as a cause of increased greenhouse effect. Deforestation also entails the destruction of animal habitats.
Desalinisation	Desalinisation is the removal of salts from saline water to obtain fresh water suitable for animal and human consumption, or for irrigation.
Desertification	The change from once fertile land into desert as a result of factors including climatic variations and human activities (overgrazing by animals, deforestation, poor irrigation practices).
Disposable	Refers to material designed to be thrown away after use.
Drought	A prolonged period of abnormal dryness, with little or no rainfall.
Dump	Location where garbage, rubbish or waste is taken and just dumped, without environmental controls. Problems associated with dumps include multiplication of disease- carrying organisms together with air and water pollution.
Ecology	The study of the relationship of living things (plants, animals and humans) with each other and with their environment.
Ecosystem	A community of plants, animals and other organisms living in an area which provides what they need in order to survive. The different species depend on the environment and the environment depends on them. An ecosystem can be as small as a tiny pool or as large as a huge desert.
Emission	The release or discharge into the air of pollutant substances such as gas or smoke.
Endangered species	Animals and plants in danger of becoming extinct.
Environment	The surroundings and external conditions that affect the growth and development of living things
Food chain	A representation of the relationship between plants and animals showing what eats what (for example : grass, mouse, snake). Energy is passed from one organism to another through the food chain.
Fossil fuels	Fuels that are formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals. Oil, natural gas and coal are all fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are not a renewable resource. Once consumed they are gone forever. When burned, they are a major cause of greenhouse gases and global warming.
Fungi (plural of fungus)	Plantlike organisms, without leaves or roots, that lack chlorophyll, so they must obtain their nutrients from their environment. Mildew, yeast and mushrooms are fungi.
Fungicide	A pesticide used to control or destroy fungi on food or grain crops.
Genetic engineering (GE)	Technology used to modify the genetic material of a cell or organism in order to produce desired effects or traits and to eliminate undesirable ones.
Genetic modification Genetically Modified (GM)	Modification of the characteristics of an organism by inserting genes from another organism into its DNA. (also called genetic engineering).
Global warming	A gradual warming of the earth's surface temperature reportedly caused by the emission of gases that trap the sun's heat in the earth's atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases form a blanket around the earth (similar to the walls of a greenhouse), holding heat and raising temperatures on the ground. Climate change is believed to be linked to global warming.
Greenhouse gases	Greenhouse gases are gases that trap the heat of the sun in the earth's atmosphere, producing the greenhouse effect. The result is an increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Ground water	Water found below the surface of the land, usually in porous rock formations. Ground water is the source of water found in wells and springs and is frequently used for drinking.
Habitat	The natural home of a plant or animal.
Herbicide	A chemical used to kill or prevent the growth of unwanted plants.
Insecticide	A pesticide compound used to kill or prevent the growth of insects.
Irradiation	A process that uses radiation to reduce or destroy bacteria and germs in food products in order to prevent illnesses and to lengthen the shelf life of the products. Some people are unsure of the long-term health effects of irradiated food.
Landfill	A landfill is an area designated to receive household garbage, solid waste and construction debris. Also referred to as a garbage dump.
Methane	An odourless, colourless, flammable gas formed when organic matter decomposes. More than 80% of methane comes from human activities such as burning fossil fuels.
Nuclear energy	Energy produced by the process of nuclear reaction (fission or fusion) inside a nuclear reactor, or by radioactive decay.
Oilrig	Structure used in drilling for oil or gas
Organic	General term used for a type of gardening or agriculture using no chemical or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
Pesticide	Substance that repels or kills plant or animal pests. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc. are all pesticides.
Plume	A visible or measurable concentration of a contaminant from a given point of origin.
Pollution	Contamination of the air, water, or soil with substances that can cause harm to human health or the environment.
Recycling	The process of minimising waste by recovering materials and transforming them into new products.
Septic tank	An underground storage tank for wastes from homes not connected to a municipal sewer system.
Smog	Originally smog meant a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, it is used for any kind of air pollution found in cities, including dust, smoke, exhaust gases or chemical fumes.
Surface water	Water above the surface of the earth, including lakes, rivers, seas, streams, ponds, floodwater etc.
Sustainable development	Economic development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not compromise the needs of future generations.
Volatile	Any substance that evaporates quickly.
Waste	Anything that is unwanted or unused and is thrown away.
Wetlands	Areas of marshy or swampy ground, or any land area that tends to be regularly wet or flooded. Wetlands are among the most fertile, natural ecosystems in the world and often host plants, birds and animals specially adapted to life in very wet conditions.
Wind farm	Large open site on which a number of wind turbines generate wind power electricity for private or commercial use.
Wind turbine	A device for converting wind energy into electrical energy. A wind turbine typically has one, two or three blades.

Present Perfect

2008-07-02T09:08:00.000-07:00

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.
Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Future Perfect

2008-07-02T09:02:00.000-07:00

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to
have done." Unlike
Simple Future
forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:
You will have perfected your English by the time you
come back from the U.S.

Will you have perfected your English
by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You will not have perfected your English by the time
you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:
You are going to have perfected your English by the
time you come back from the U.S.

Are you going to have perfected your
English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You are not going to have perfected your English by the
time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the

Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before

another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before
a specific time in the future.

Examples:
By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going
to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough Chinese
to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have completed
the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
By the time I finish this course, I
will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you going to have
visited by the time you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked
in italics) are in
Simple Present
rather than
Simple Future . This is because the interruptions are in
time clauses,
and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous

Verbs and some non-continuous uses of
Mixed Verbs, we use
the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action
in the future.

Examples:
I will have been in London for six months by the time I
leave.
By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a
week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to

Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are
NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning

with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon
as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect,
Present Perfect is used.

Examples:
I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my
homework. Not Correct

I am going to see a movie when I have finished my
homework. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,

only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:
You will only have learned a few words.
Will you only have learned a few words?
You are only going to have learned a few words.
Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

They will have completed the project before the
deadline. Active

The project will have been completed before the
deadline. Passive
They are going to have completed the project before the
deadline. Active

The project is going to have been completed before the
deadline. Passive

Future Perfect Continuous

2008-07-02T08:29:00.000-07:00

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"

[will have been + present participle]

Examples:

* You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
* Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
* You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]

Examples:

* You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
* Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
* You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.

Examples:

* They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
* She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.
* James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
* How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
* We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.
* A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year?
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future

Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

* Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
* Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.

Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the difference.

Examples:

* He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future.
* He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used.

Examples:

* You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct
* You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .

Examples:

* Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct
* Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

* You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
* Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

* You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
* Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

* The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
* The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive

* The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
* The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive

NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.

Simple Present

2008-07-02T07:59:00.000-07:00

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

You speak English.
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:

I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You only speak English.
Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Simple Future

2008-07-02T07:58:00.000-07:00

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express

two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at
first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both
"will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete
List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use
"will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use
"will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us.
Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do
something.

Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make
sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that

a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the
plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each
other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the
party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction
about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future.
In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the
future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is
no difference in meaning.

Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy
Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in
mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon
as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future,
Simple Present
is used.

Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for
dinner. Not Correct

When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner.
Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
Active

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
Active

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally
tonight. Passive